Burt, Christopher
Clement, Andrew
Dawson, Danielle
Derby, Patrick
Doyle, Aaron
Ellis Smith, Robert
Ferenbok, Joseph
Finn, Jonathan
Huey, Laura
Johnson, Mathew
Lippert, Randy
Lizar, Mark
Lyon, David
Murakami Wood, David
Norris, Clive
Smith, Emily
Smith, Gavin J.D.
Wilkinson, Blair
Walby, Kevin
Zeilinger, Martin
Christopher Burt
Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA
Owing to the developments that have taken place over the past few decades, video surveillance has assumed an integral part of daily life yet the scope of the system implementations are themselves still evolving. Whereas the surveillance efforts of the past were held in check by real physical and technological limitations, the systems being developed and deployed today are quite capable of clearing those hurdles. Stunning technological innovations in both computing power and telecommunications capabilities are enabling organic data networks to emerge, at once extending the reach of surveillance efforts by knitting together previously isolated domains and at the same time subjecting the product of that surveillance to machine-driven analysis as a result of digitalization. The centrality of the human figure in the conduct of those observations is, to a large extent, receding. Wireless technologies further encroach on spatial protections historically granting privacy. With the pervasive development and deployment of ubiquitous surveillance technologies we must consider privacy and surveillance in an ever wider and interrelated context.
This paper will explore the privacy implications concomitant with a recently deployed city-wide wireless audio visual system in the municipality of Hoboken, New Jersey, USA. The borough of Hoboken affords a uniquely close perspective as the basis for a city-wide surveillance case study, as the municipality itself encompasses only about 1.3 square miles. The methodology will be based on a comprehensive review of the current literature, a series of interviews to be conducted with domain experts and stakeholders, the dissemination and collection of anonymous public survey questionnaires, and field work that will involve the direct and indirect observation of public spaces currently under surveillance. A particular focus will be placed on location privacy and the issue of informed consent, supported by field work to qualify the presence or absence of
public signage.
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Mitigating Asymmetric Visibilities: Towards a (Canadian) CCTV signage code
Andrew Clement and Joseph Ferenbok
University of Toronto
We have seen a dramatic expansion in the claimed functionality of CCTV systems over the past 20 years. The capabilities have expanded from small-scale analogue systems to digital technologies incorporating a range of face-oriented processing. Contemporary state-of-the-art systems can now include modules for automated identification, object tracking and analysis, real-time linkages to databases of personal information and internet connectivity (Tian, et al., 2008). These recent functions of CCTV cameras are generally hidden from surveillance subjects.
Signage is very important to the effectiveness of CCTV surveillance (Deisman, et al., 2009). It is a common, but by no means universal, practice in the UK and elsewhere that signs are posted to alert people that CCTV cameras are operating in the vicinity. Some of these signs may provide contact information and information about the agency responsible for the camera, but they tell subjects little about the hidden network of people and algorithms behind the electronic eye. Most commonly, however, these signs simply indicate that cameras are present, usually in the tone of a warning. They provide no information for public education or just-in-time informed consent, and generally do not indicate whether a live human-being is monitoring the images, whether there is likely to be a rapid response in case of emergency, who can view stored images and for what purposes or whether automated identification is being performed.
To replace the fine print on CCTV signs this paper proposes iconic, subject-centered signage to code for various functions of CCTV cameras. We will prototype a scheme that addresses the shortcomings of existing norms and that may serve as a basis for a Canadian CCTV signage code system. Policy requirements to properly sign CCTV systems would not only serve to promote better informed consent, but could also encourage better regulation of CCTV systems in public spaces, while inhibiting the more egregious deployments.
Deisman, W., Derby, P., Doyle, A., Leman‐Langlois, S., Lippert, R., Lyon, D., et al. (2009). A Report on Camera Surveillance in Canada Part One: Surveillance Camera Awareness Network (SCAN)
Tian, Y. L., Brown, L., Hampapur, A., Lu, M., Senior, A., & Shu, C. F. (2008). IBM smart surveillance system (S3): event based video surveillance system with an open and extensible framework. Machine Vision and Applications, 19(5-6), 315- 527.
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Public Perceptions of Camera Surveillance in Canada
Danielle Dawson
Queen's University
The use of camera surveillance as a mechanism of crime reduction is increasing within the private sector, police services, and government agencies on an international level. This rapid growth makes the study of camera surveillance of particular relevance and calls into question the social climate surrounding this method of surveillance that has left it largely unchallenged. A study of the results garnered from public opinion polls, and in particular, the 2006 Globalization of Personal Data (GPD) Project survey, are explored in an attempt to shed light on public perceptions of camera surveillance as a method of crime control. In particular, quantitative results from the survey are used to provide insight into the dynamic relationship between participant knowledge of camera surveillance and their subsequent belief in the effectiveness of these systems. The findings for Canada (which are similar to several elsewhere) consistently show that the overwhelming majority of the public believes systems of camera surveillance to be an effective means of crime reduction. This belief held is of particular relevance when coupled with the fact that there is no substantial evidence to show that systems of camera surveillance have the ability to achieve their proposed goals. The social causes and consequences of this discrepancy are suggested and discussed.
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Policing in the Age of Information: The Emergence of ALPR in Canada and the U.K.
Patrick Derby
Queen’s University
Advances in camera and database technologies have contributed to the emergence of a new surveillant assemblage, commonly referred to as Automated Licence Plate Recognition (ALPR). Despite its status as an emerging technology in the realm of policing, ALPR has received little attention from criminologists or surveillance scholars. This paper outlines the emergence and current state of ALPR in Canada through a comparison with the United Kingdom’s deployment of the technology. This paper also explores the mentalities and rationalities that underlie the proliferation of ALPR, and highlights possible social and privacy implications associated with employing the technology as a policing tool. Finally, the paper examines questions of how to conceptualize or theorize ALPR as a surveillance technology. For instance, while relying on digital camera surveillance technology to capture and inscribe vehicle registration plate information, the power of the technology lies in its ability to instantly cross-reference personal information stored in multiple databases, making it more akin to dataveillance.
Biography:
Patrick Derby is currently a doctoral student at Queen’s University, and a student member of The Surveillance Project. Patrick received his BA in Criminology (Honours) and Sociology (Concentration), as well as his MA in Criminology from the University of Ottawa. His MA thesis was entitled “Interrogating the Selective Gaze of Canadian CCTV Operators: Perspectives From Behind the Camera’s Lens”. Patrick is currently interested in bringing the theoretical resources of Science and Technology Studies to bear on criminological understandings of contemporary crime control practices. He is currently monitoring the proliferation of video surveillance in taxis across Canada, as well as the use of licence plate recognition technologies in Canadian police cruisers.
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Selling Surveillance: The Introduction of Cameras in Ottawa Taxis
Aaron Doyle and Kevin Walby
Carleton University
Surveillance cameras in taxis are often touted by those inside and outside the taxi industry as keeping drivers and passengers safe. Cameras in cabs are said to deter violence, prevent theft, and provide evidence that facilitates prosecutions. However, there are thus far few independent studies confirming the benefits of cab cameras, reflecting a broader situation in which there is a lack of evidence of the effectiveness of surveillance cameras in general. Nevertheless, the number of Canadian jurisdictions mandating surveillance cameras in taxis continues to proliferate. Rather than assessing the effectiveness of cab cameras as such, this paper seeks instead to consider how and under what terms the taxi cameras continue to proliferate, despite the lack of definitive evidence they help. Thus the paper contributes to literature on how, when and why surveillance gains political and public support. The paper uses as its case study the debate regarding cab cameras in Ottawa between 2006 and 2009, ending in their eventual installation. The City of Ottawa proposed installing cameras in Ottawa taxis at the drivers’ expense. The taxi drivers’ union refused installation, and organized three protests at City Hall to demonstrate their frustration over the proposed terms. Even so, cameras were eventually installed after a series of behind-the-scenes deliberations. We draw in part on access to information requests to examine the exchanges that occurred between VerifEye Technologies and the City of Ottawa regarding the cameras. Responsible for cameras in over 45,000 taxis in seventy cities and twenty countries, VerifEye is a proficient marketer of its cameras. We examine how and under what terms the cameras were ultimately sold to different constituencies: the councillors and staff of the City of Ottawa, the drivers and their union, and the public. We conclude by considering what more general lessons can be learned from these events about the spread of cameras in taxis and in other contexts, and about the spread of surveillance more generally
Biography:
Aaron Doyle is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Carleton University, where he has been based since 2002. His main research and teaching interests concern how major social institutions like the mass media, the criminal justice system and insurance organizations deal with risk through surveillance and various other means, and the security and insecurity that results. He has published four books and numerous papers on those themes.
Kevin Walby is a PhD candidate in Sociology at Carleton University. He has undertaken two separate studies regarding camera surveillance. The first study was on the rise of open-street camera surveillance in Canada, focusing specifically on pursuit of camera surveillance by entrepreneurial community groups in conjunction with business improvement associations. The second study was a series of camera surveillance control room ethnographies, out of which a method for tracing the material and digital conveyances of information in surveillance networks was developed. His current project in the area of surveillance studies with Jeff Monaghan uses interviews and access to information requests to examine how federal security agencies, local private and public police converge in the control and surveillance of animal liberation activists in Canada. He hopes to extend this current project on surveillance and criminalization of dissent into an analysis of countermovement surveillance and suppression of activists involved in resistance against the Vancouver 2010 Olympics.
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Reversing the Conventional Wisdom on TV Monitoring
Robert Ellis Smith
Privacy Journal
It has been conventional wisdom that nothing can be done legally about ubiquitous camera surveillance in our communities, that it does not violate any law or constitutional principle. Part of that accepted wisdom is the mistaken idea that because an activity takes place in public view, it is not protected by any expectation of privacy.
In fact, there are many activities in public that are entitled to privacy protection, according to previous federal court holdings in the U.S. and Canada: going to and from a house of worship, an abortion clinic, or a medical facility; holding hands or embracing affectionately in public; participating in a political demonstration or wearing political symbols; reading a book or a magazine; mediating or praying, and perhaps even chatting on a cell phone in an audible way. The right to vote may be interpreted to prohibit videotaping citizens as they visit a polling place.
Beyond that, there are opinions by the highest courts in the U.S. and Canada and by appellate courts that may be cobbled together to make a legal argument that ubiquitous camera surveillance violates fundamental rights to privacy, to autonomy, to travel, to free expression, to assembly peaceably, and to prevent unreasonable searches and seizures.
This paper will show philosophically that often what is public may be private, that not everything that takes place in public venues is “public” and that courts have provided building blocks to construct a constitutional right against pervasive high-tech surveillance.
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Hidden Changes: How behind-the-scene digitization entrenches the asymmetries of CCTV surveillance
Joseph Ferenbok and Andrew Clement
University of Toronto
In contemporary urban landscapes, cameras are watching us. Covered by domes, integrated into malls, roadways, border crossings, or unabashedly elevated on pedestals as part of crime fighting “surveillance”, cameras are increasingly becoming a token of urban life. Forensically, these electronic eyes have been helpful in reconstructing events by capturing movements of victims and criminals alike. For the most part, however, camera surveillance has proved ineffective in real-time monitoring. To address these shortcomings, technologists have pursued the co-development of camera hardware, signal processing software, ubiquitous networking, and facial image biometrics, among other strategies. Vendors position such digitally “enhanced” CCTV networks in security discourse as the technological solution to real-time surveillance and identification. However, how these surveillance tools are being changed and augmented remains largely hidden from general view. The lack of technological transparency contributes to “a lack of realism about what could be expected from CCTV systems” (Deisman, et al., 2009, 15).These technologies are being sold as more effective resource management and human-identification-at-a-distance tools but the lack of transparency regarding data flows and algorithmic filters marginalizes public debate and hinders informed policy making.
To help open these technological changes to external scrutiny, the paper explores the technical development of CCTV infrastructures.The paper looks at how CCTV technologies are being integrated with ICT networks and signal processing to expand the scope and nature of what is possible with digital CCTV surveillance. By correlating vendor claims with a review of research and scientific discourse about image processing and biometrics we show how the digitization of images, networking, and algorithmic filtering of video threatens to further imbalance relationships of power away from the surveillance subject. The paper concludes by discussing some potential policy approaches to better protect the rights of citizens to privacy, identity and security.
Deisman, W., Derby, P., Doyle, A., Leman‐Langlois, S., Lippert, R., Lyon, D., et al. (2009). A Report on Camera Surveillance in Canada Part One: Surveillance Camera Awareness Network (SCAN)
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Seeing Surveillantly: Surveillance as Social Practice
Jonathan Finn
Wilfrid Laurier University
In additional to the steady rise of surveillance programs and technologies over the past few decades, surveillance increasingly appears as a subject in film, television, video games, social networking sites, advertising and art. In this way, surveillance has become a key feature of contemporary life. This paper raises the question: given the prominence of surveillance cameras and surveillance imagery in contemporary life, do we now see surveillantly? Can we speak of surveillance less as a technology than as a way of seeing? And, if so, how and why would such a distinction be useful? The paper draws from work in the history and theory of photography to situate surveillance less as a technology than as a social practice: a way of seeing, understanding and engaging with the world around us. Using examples from film, television, advertising, art and citizen journalism, the paper explores what it might mean to see surveillantly.
Biography:
Jonathan Finn is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication Studies at Wilfrid Laurier University. He is the author of Capturing the Criminal Image: From Mug Shot to Surveillance Society (Minnesota 2009). His research focuses on photography and photographic representation and he is currently developing a new research project on visual technologies and sport.
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The Surveillance Legacy: What Happens to Vancouver’s CCTV Systems After the 2010 Olympics?
Laura Huey
University of Western Ontario
Previous research on proposals to install public CCTV systems in Vancouver reveals this site as a contested space in the politics of surveillance (Haggerty, Huey and Ericson 2008). Attempts by police to implement CCTV in the city’s Downtown Eastside were successfully resisted by residents and local activists in 1999 and 2001. In 2005 the focus of police efforts shifted, and the City’s Granville Mall Entertainment District was proposed as a potential alternative site. Politically, the Mall is in many ways an ideal location for implementing a CCTV system that might otherwise be controversial. The space is concentrated with liquor license seats that contribute to high rates of crime and disorder, and it is inhabited by shoppers during the day and club-goers at night, thus there is no one community that would be sufficiently affected by police oversight to engender vocal opposition. Although the police plan for the Entertainment District proceeded to an early development stage, by 2008 it had been quietly shelved. The reason suggested for this apparent abandonment: with the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver looming, the police have been handed an almost unassailable justification for implementing a CCTV network throughout the City’s streets (Boyle and Haggerty nd). As the examples of Athens, Sydney and Torino suggest, security infrastructure – including systems for enhanced electronic monitoring of citizens – is one of the many ‘legacies’ of hosting an Olympic games. Using documents acquired through provincial and federal Freedom of Information legislation and interviews with local stakeholders, I explore this latest development in the ongoing battle over public surveillance in Vancouver.
Biography:
Laura Huey is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario. She is the author of several articles on issues related to surveillance and counter-surveillance, and is a co-editor of a forthcoming volume of Surveillance & Society that examines the possibilities of resistance (with Luis Fernandez). Her research interests also include policing, victimization of the homeless, cultural criminology and urban sociology. Her book, Negotiating Demands: The Politics of Skid Row Policing in Edinburgh, San Francisco and Vancouver (UTP, 2007), represents an intersection of several of her theoretical and research interests.
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The Legal Context of Surveillance Cameras
Mathew Johnson
Attorney at Law, Ottawa
The use of surveillance is becoming increasingly prevalent in Canada. At present, however, there are next to no restrictions on its use or installation. Specifically, Canadian courts have not yet had the opportunity to address the question of whether surveillance use implicates section 8 of the Charter, and if so, what implications would follow from such a finding. The article examines the underlying questions which courts and legislators will have to consider when approaching questions of surveillance. In particular, the article traces the evolution of the recognition of privacy in public, and how such an approach could fit within existing Canadian section 8 jurisprudence and privacy theory. In addition, the article examines surveillance itself, both its theoretical aspects, but also its record in preventing or deterring crime both in Canada and around the world. Taken together, these various considerations suggest that any future court will have concerns over the unfettered use of such technology. As a result, the final section of the article considers the possible results of any legal process.
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Capturing Crime, Criminals, and the Public’s Imagination: Crime Stoppers Use of CCTV Images
Randy Lippert and Blair Wilkinson
University of Windsor
This paper explores Crime Stoppers’ use of CCTV images. A sample of 240 Crime Stoppers advertisements that deploy CCTV images from Crime Stoppers programs in two countries were analyzed. Images are found to be becoming more prevalent and to rely on complex textual narratives to construct crime for public consumption in order to generate ‘tips’. Yet, the CCTV image format itself also helps construct crime. The use of CCTV images is found to have unanticipated and ironic consequences regarding deterrence and identification; be counter to federal privacy guidelines regarding notification; capture an exceedingly narrow range of activities constructed as criminal for public consumption; and disproportionately depict visible minorities as criminal actors. Implications of this analysis are discussed.
Biography:
Randy Lippert is Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Windsor, Canada. His research interests include security, governance, and surveillance. He has published one book and many articles, most recently, ‘Signs of the Surveillant Assemblage: Privacy Regulation, Urban CCTV, and Governmentality’, Social and Legal Studies (In press).
Blair Wilkinson is a graduate student in Criminology at the University of Windsor, Canada. His research interests include surveillance, privacy, and police use of technology.
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Legal Compliance, Trust and Contextual Integrity of CCTV Signage: Some Methodological Notes
Mark Lizar and Gary Potter
London South Bank University, UK
This paper reports on the findings of a study of CCTV systems situated on a single high-street in London. The study looked at the extent of CCTV usage (in terms of what proportion of businesses and institutions used CCTV) and the legality of these systems (in terms of notification – whether the public were informed of the presence of CCTV, and what information was provided about the use of CCTV and the data it generates). The findings show that 77% of businesses had CCTV systems installed, but that only 17% of these systems were legally compliant. The findings are discussed in relation to the problems of taking ‘legality’ as a meaningful measure of whether CCTV systems take account of the concerns many people have over privacy in relation to surveillance, information sharing, and data management. It is clear that legality, as a binary concept, is of little use in assessing the ‘trustworthiness’ of a CCTV system or in comparing systems across jurisdictions or across time. Instead we argue for the adoption of a scale of compliance and the concept of contextual integrity as a framework, and offer some suggestions of how compliance or integrity can be measured in a way that is amenable to context-specific discussions of compliance (e.g. legality) and non-context-specific (e.g. comparative) discussions of ‘trustworthiness’.
Biography
In pursuit of his work Mark Lizar has become a Carleton University Undergraduate with a BA in Law, and a BA in Sociology/Anthropology with a combined concentration in Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy. During and after University in Canada Mark spent time working with the Ottawa-Carleton Police and at Entrust Technologies (in PKI Development) before moving to London, England 10 years ago. Mark currently resides in London where he is an active industry consultant working on his passion, the development of information sharing protocols and standards in Identity Trust. He is also a MSc candidate for the Social Research Methods program at London South Bank University and is interested in pursuing funding and progressing this research within the framework of a PhD program in Canada in 2010. In the past 10 years Mark has been focusing on privacy, identity management and information sharing. For 6 years now, he has participated internationally in working groups and communities relating to these three key areas.
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David Lyon
Department of Sociology, Queen's University
Biography
David Lyon is the director of the Surveillance Studies Centre and the New Transparency Project and a professor of sociology at Queen’s University. His most recent books are Identifying Citizens: ID Cards as Surveillance (2009) Playing the Identity Card (co-edited with Colin J. Bennett, Routledge, 2008) and Surveillance Studies: An Overview (2007). He is a founding editor of the e-journal Surveillance & Society and has particular research interests in national ID cards, aviation security and surveillance and in promoting the cross-disciplinary and international study of surveillance.
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Global Surveillance Societies: what can Canada learn from the experience of video surveillance in other countries?
David Murakami Wood
Queen's University
The spread of video surveillance is a global phenomenon. But until recently it has been studied largely in the North America and Europe. This paper argues that for a multicultural country like Canada, better knowledge of the practices and experiences of the introduction and spread of CCTV in non-western and northern nations is crucial. Drawing on two major case-studies conducted in Brazil and Japan, and particularly in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo, this paper compares the different situations, contexts, histories and politics of video surveillance in these very different cultures, with the more familiar story of CCTV in Canada and the UK (still, the global leader in video surveillance) and draws lessons for citizens and policy-makers in Canada. It shows that whilst these different cultures are interconnected and subject to the same globalizing pressures from a vast surveillance and security industry and knowledge and policy-transfer processes at elite political levels in supranational institutions, there remain large variations in the way that video surveillance is understood, implemented and responded to. The paper concludes by arguing that the major growth areas for video surveillance are now in any case, not in the global north, but in the emerging economies of Brazil, China and India, as well as other parts of the global south, and that further study of these nation-states is urgently needed.
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"There's no success like failure and failure's no success at all": Some critical reflections on understanding the global growth of CCTV surveillance
Clive Norris
Department of Sociological Studies, The University of Sheffield, UK
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Emily Smith
Research Associate, Surveillance Studies Centre
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A Corroding Silver Bullet: the rise and fall of CCTV in the UK
Gavin J D Smith
City University London, UK
An extensive literature now charts the exponential rise and ubiquitous spread of local authority run CCTV surveillance systems across the UK (Norris, Moran and Armstrong, 1998; Reeve, 1998; Norris and Armstrong, 1999; Smith, 2004, 2009; Fussey, 2004, 2007; Graham, 1998; McCahill, 2002; Goold, 2004; Coleman, 2004). This discourse offers a panoply of explanations for why CCTV cameras have become such a dominant feature of the urban landscape, commentators pointing to the role of risk and fear, the legal and cultural importance of the visual, societal faith in technological innovation, governmental logics of panopticism and organisational rationality, neo-liberal restructuring and the politicization of crime control etc. Together, the above theories provide a plausible and valuable contribution to understandings of the macro forces and processes both driving and shaping the CCTV revolution. A fundamental component missing from current analysis, however, is adequate anthropological understanding of the particular micro/local reasoning and agency influencing the directionality of contemporary CCTV surveillance schemes. Based on extensive documentary and discourse analysis of CCTV Working Group meeting minutes and data accumulated from qualitative interviews with practitioners, this paper empirically investigates the everyday, institutionally situated decision-making responsible for the interactive implementation and operational orientation of a particular public surveillance system. The argument developed conceives the multitude of agency deposited by those constituting the wider assemblage as helping cultivate a system of control riddled in contradiction. Such inconsistency not only diversifies the functionality of CCTV but also accentuates the technology’s social embeddedness and operational precariousness as a crime control and public safety device. Indeed, the paper provides empirical evidence to posit that CCTV’s reign (and deliberately constructed branding) as a crime control ‘Silver Bullet’ may be in freefall as local authorities deal increasingly with funding cutbacks and the economic rationality induced by the wider global recession, and face an escalating raft of sceptical academic and media reports charting the technology’s ineffectiveness in crime reduction and management.
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Surveillance Culture and Appropriation – CCTV as Found Footage in Manu Luksch’s Faceless
Martin Zeilinger
University of Toronto
In 2007, the London-based media artist Manu Luksch completed a 50-minute manifesto-driven fiction film entitled Faceless. The film, critically acclaimed after a series of screenings at international festivals, yet thus far sadly understudied, is constructed entirely from visual material that was captured by London’s ultra-dense network of surveillance cameras, and later appropriated by the filmmaker under the U.K. Data Protection Act (DPA), which grants individuals the right to request surveillance materials if they can convincingly demonstrate that their personal image has been captured. Probing this law and quite literally turning it on its head, Luksch used the public sphere as a stage upon which she acted out a disturbing science fiction narrative that the public surveillance apparatus couldn’t help but capture, and which critically explores the ethical implications of this same apparatus both in its form and in its content. By highjacking the surveillance machine as an unwitting accomplice, Luksch posits the creative repurposing of the surveillance gaze as a complex and immensely provocative political act that goes beyond simple rejection of surveillance as such, and that, instead, self-reflectively tests its own potential as a critically productive rather than as a merely antagonistic practice. Based on my own work on politically charged practices of appropriation in the field of new media, I propose a paper that closely discusses the critical implications of Luksch’ work, and which furthermore embeds it in a broader survey of activism and performance art that revolves around similar practices of ‘video sniffing.’ In my presentation, I will consider critical and public perception of such phenomena, and complement them with a discussion of the (often quite sustained) theoretical visions of the artists and activists in question. (Narrated by Tilda Swinton, the film, which is reminiscent of famous dystopic conspiracy narratives such as Chris Marker’s famous La Jetée, is really quite a sight. Through my research, I have been in touch with the filmmaker as well as her distributors, and if the organizers express interest, a screening could be arranged.)
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